A Muslim couple sitting in a private screening room and wearing 3-D goggles. Auckland, New Zealand. Wikimedia/Jorge Royan. |
What If Muslim Immigrants Don’t Want to Be “Like Us”? By Leon Hadar. The National Interest, September 25, 2016.
Hadar:
Muslim immigrants to the West are becoming less assimilated, not more.
Muslim immigrants to the West are becoming less assimilated, not more.
When
they discuss immigration policy, especially when it applies to the influx of
hundreds of thousands of Muslims to the West, pundits don’t necessarily exhibit
a liberal bias, or for that matter, a left-leaning view of the world. How would
John Locke, Adam Smith or Karl Marx respond to the current debate? My guess is
as good as yours.
In fact,
when they welcome immigrants, legal and illegal, from the Middle East and
elsewhere, and blast the immigration restrictionists as bigots and racists,
most Western policy intellectuals display what would commonly be described as
the Whig interpretation of history.
According
to Whig history, our societies have been moving in an almost linear fashion
towards more advanced forms of enlightenment and liberty. Values like
secularism, religious freedom, individual rights, women’s rights and free
markets, representing the progressive future, were bound to overcome the
reactionary forces of the past, represented by religious oppression, absolute
monarchism, coercive government and backward-looking tradition, with liberal
democracy being the culmination of this forward-looking process.
This
view of the world derived in part from the ideas of the Reformation, which was
seen as a central progressive force challenging the reactionary Catholic
Church. So it was perhaps not surprising that while some of the leaders of the
much-derided anti-immigration movement in nineteenth-century America known as
the “Know-Nothings” were actually opposed to slavery, and supported extending
more rights to women, they were also opposed to the immigration of Catholics
into the country, believing that the followers of the pope and his illiberal
traditions could end up halting the march towards progress.
The
notion of a progressive or a liberal calling for restricting immigration would
today sound mind-bending, if not a contradiction in terms. After all,
notwithstanding the warnings from the Know-Nothings, the history of Catholic
and, for that matter, Jewish immigration into the United States followed the
Whig interpretation.
In
fact, as political scientist Samuel Huntington put it, members of both religious groups as well as those of other
non-Protestant branches followed the route of “Anglicizing” their religious
practices and traditions and integrating themselves into the more secular and
liberal environment of the country. They embraced what Huntington called the
“American Creed,” which he regarded as the unique creation of a dissenting
Protestant culture, with its commitment to individualism, equality and the
rights to freedom of religion and opinion.
So from
that perspective, the assimilation of these immigrants into American society
could be integrated into a narrative of progress. They may have not been “like
us” in terms of their view of the world when they had arrived into this
country, which was why the Know-Nothings campaigned against them.
But
then history proved that those who were opposed to the immigration of Catholics
and Jews were wrong, playing the role of reactionaries in our forward-looking
narrative. Today’s leading liberal pundits assign the role of villains to
opponents of Muslim immigration, who are depicted as the modern-day
Know-Nothings.
This
Whig interpretation of history would recall how the children and grandchildren
of Catholic immigrants from Ireland, Italy or Poland, and those of eastern
European Jews, abandoned their parents’ and grandparents’ archaic religious
traditions and sense of religious particularism and ethnic tribalism. They
have, indeed, become very much “like us,” and in some cases, more committed to
the progressive American creed than members of old Protestant families from New
England.
So why
should we assume that Muslim immigrants from the Middle East and South Asia
wouldn’t play the same role in the sequel to that movie? Presumably the same
economic, social and cultural pressures that eventually helped Anglicize the
Catholics and the Jews in this country would do magic for today’s Muslim
immigrants. And those who don’t share that expectations are part of the
reactionary past: angry old white men who cannot come to terms with the
changing demographics of the country.
But
these upbeat expectations assume that many things that may be wrong, including
scientific and economic progress, and other forces of modernization like
industrialization and urbanization, are so powerful that they force one to
leave the traditions of the past behind to embrace liberal and secular forms of
identity.
We are
told to remember that the granddaughters of the families who emigrated from
highly stratified, patriarchal and religiously oppressive Italy’s south now
wear a bikini when they go to the beach. As do the granddaughters of the
ultra-Orthodox Jews who immigrated to America from the shtetl in eastern Europe. Why shouldn’t that happen to the
granddaughters of the Muslim immigrants from Egypt?
But
wait a minute. Why do things seem to be happening in reverse in the case of
many young Muslim immigrants in Europe and the United States? Their
grandmothers, growing up in the 1950s in, say, Alexandria, actually looked
“like us,” wearing the latest European fashion and a spiffy swimsuit on the
beach. It’s their granddaughters who are now wearing veils, the hijab and the
burkini to make sure that they don’t look “like us.”
That
many Muslim immigrants resist playing the role assigned to them in the
forward-looking narrative may be explained, in part, by the backward turn taken
by many Muslim societies where, as in the case of Turkey, the Whiggish
interpretation has been turned on its head. As forces of modernization like
industrialization and urbanization have accelerated, these societies have
actually started shredding what remained of the secular and liberal values that
were embraced by many during much of the twentieth century.
Hence
the contrast between the dramatic transformation of Western societies during
the age of globalization and postmodernism, where the debate has moved to a
point where same-sex marriage is now the law of the land in several countries,
and the trend towards more oppressive religious standards, intolerance and tribalism
in the Muslim world.
So
while the liberal West has been opening its doors to Muslim immigration,
shrinking Christian communities in the Middle East are being decimated and its
members, facing a radical Islamic assault, are forced to leave countries where
their ancestors had resided before the Arab invasion.
Liberals
who adhere to the Whig interpretation of history face a dilemma. They cannot
accept the idea that many Muslims living in the West, not unlike members of the
ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities in Israel and the United States, don’t want
to be “like us,” and if anything detest the liberal and secular values that
prevail in the United States and Europe.
Yet
hanging to their liberal fantasy, policymakers and pundits accuse
“Islamophobes” of wrecking progress and resist considering the inevitable: as
these Muslim communities grow and expand, expect not only an end to same-sex
marriage. Muslim citizens would then challenge other core principles of the
Enlightenment, accusing bikini-wearing women of violating the changing
standards of the community.
And as
multiculturalism becomes a form of secular religion in the West, many liberals
also try to deal with their cognitive dissonance by insisting on the
preservation, if not the celebration, of regressive Muslim traditions, like the
hijab. Liberal intellectuals, who spend much of their time denigrating
evangelical Christians and warning of their plans to challenge the rights of
women and gays, become apoplectic if someone dares to criticize Muslim traditions.
Islamophobia!
Demonstrating
the challenges liberals have in trying to keep their progressive narrative
intact, Canada’s Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, a self-styled feminist and a
leading global promoter of multiculturalism, appeared recently at a
gender-segregated event in a mosque, singing the praise of Islam on the main
floor where only men were permitted, while women were watching Trudeau from the
balcony.
“Right
now we have these political leaders — ironically, politically liberal leaders —
who are just putting blinders on their eyes about their values,” Asra Nomani, a
liberal Muslim, told Canada’s National Post. “That’s
the big differential for liberals, they fancy themselves as honouring the
women’s body and yet the segregation by its very definition hyper-sexualizes
women’s bodies. That’s the great irony.”
Perhaps
not such an irony. As liberals like Trudeau discover that Muslim immigrants are
not ready to become “like us,” they conclude that they are left with only one
choice: to become more like them.