Zakaria:
Henry Kissinger has noted that in his adult lifetime, the United States has fought five major wars and began each one with great enthusiasm and public support. But in each of them, Americans soon began to ask, “How quickly can you withdraw?” In three of these conflicts, he says, the United States withdrew its forces unilaterally. Today we are watching a similarly powerful, and understandable, enthusiasm for an expanded war against the Islamic State. Let us make sure we understand what it would entail not just to start it but also to end it.
One
place to learn some lessons might be from a strategy that has been relatively
successful: the war against al-Qaeda. As Peter Bergen noted in 2012, a year
after Osama bin Laden’s death, the group’s leadership had been destroyed, its
resources had disappeared and its support among the Arab public had plummeted.
It has not launched an attack on Western soil since the London bombings 10
years ago.
The
picture did not always look like that. After 9/11, officials and experts spoke
of al-Qaeda with the awe and fear they now reserve for the Islamic State. Once
the United States and its allies began battling the group, it inspired or
directed several attacks across the globe, including the bloodiest in the West
since 9/11, the 2004 Madrid train bombings, which killed 191 people. But those
attacks did not mean al-Qaeda was “winning” the war on terrorism any more than
the attacks in Paris last week mean that the Islamic State is winning. In fact,
it’s possible that as the Islamic State loses territory on the ground, it is
resorting to terrorism abroad.
What
explains the success against al-Qaeda? Many experts point to the genuinely
global counterterrorism operations, especially the sharing of intelligence.
Others note that the group overplayed its hand in Iraq.
In one
of the best books on the topic, “Hunting in the Shadows,” Seth Jones concludes
that whenever the United States adopted a “light-footprint strategy” — Special
Operations forces, covert intelligence and law enforcement — it did well.
Whenever the United States and its allies sent troops into Muslim countries, he
notes, “al-Qaeda has benefited through increased radicalization and additional
recruits.” This is why from the start, the Islamic State has sought to bait
Western countries into sending troops to Syria.
Defeating
the group militarily would not be difficult. But to keep it defeated, someone
would have to rule its territories or else it, or a variant, would just come
back. The Islamic State draws its support from Sunnis in Iraq and Syria who
feel persecuted by the non-Sunni governments in both countries. In addition,
the group has created a functioning state that provides some measure of stability
for a population that has been battered over the past decade.
In this
sense, the Islamic State is more akin to the Taliban than al-Qaeda, which was a
gang of foreigners lodged in Afghanistan as guests of the Taliban. But the
Taliban itself is a local group, with support in the Pashtun communities of
Afghanistan and Pakistan. This explains why the United States has not defeated
it, after 14 years of warfare and tens of thousands of American soldiers and
now many more Afghan troops. Keep in mind that in Afghanistan, the United
States has a decent local ally that has considerable legitimacy. In Syria, it
has none. The Kurds are a crucial ally and should become even more important in
the months ahead. Still, as an ethnic minority, they cannot govern Arab lands.
Politicians
call on the United States to build up an army of moderate Syrians. It is a
worthwhile endeavor. But historically, when foreigners have helped put together
local forces, those forces have usually lacked legitimacy and staying power — think
of the Cubans who landed at the Bay of Pigs, the South Vietnamese regime or
Washington’s favored Iraqi exiles. This essential problem — the lack of a
credible local ally — makes ground operations in Syria harder than in Iraq,
Afghanistan or Vietnam.
This is
not to counsel despair but to suggest “strategic patience,” as President Obama
rightly says. The Islamic State is not nearly as strong as the hysteria of the
moment suggests. It is surrounded by deadly foes. Many countries are fighting
it — Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shiite Iran, the United States and Vladimir Putin’s
Russia, neighboring Jordan and faraway France. Its territory is shrinking, and
its message is deeply unpopular to most in its supposed “caliphate” — witness
the hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees fleeing its barbarism.
Counterterrorism,
intelligence, airstrikes, drones and Special Operations are arenas where the
West has the advantage — it has the money, technology, know-how and
international cooperation. And it can hammer away for months, even years. If
instead, panicked by terrorism, we were to send American soldiers into the
deserts of Syria, we would enter the one arena where the Islamic State has the
decisive advantage. And after a few inconclusive years, people would start asking,
“How quickly can you withdraw?”
